SNES Research Abstracts

Damptey, G.F., Opuni-Frimpong, N.Y., Arimiyaw, A.W. Bentsi-Enchil, F., Wiafe, E.D., Abayie B.B., Mensah K.M., Debrah D.K., Yeboah O.A., and Opuni-Frimpong E. (2022).
Citizen science approach for assessing the biodiversity and ecosystem services potential of urban green spaces in Ghana. Land, 11, 1774. http://doi.org/10.3390/land11101774.

Abstract
Urban green spaces are linked to good human health and well-being, sustainable cities and communities, climate action, life on land and under water, as well as offering a platform for quality nature-based education. Their efficient management will no doubt be necessary if strides are to be made in efforts to protect biodiversity and enhance ecosystem service delivery in urban areas. This will, in part, require building the capacity of community members as citizen scientists to take up conservation roles. This study explored the levels of biodiversity and the proxy-based ecosystem service potential of urban green spaces in Sunyani, Ghana, using citizen science approaches. The green spaces accessed were the University of Energy and Natural Resources Wildlife Sanctuary and Arboretum, the Sunyani Parks and Gardens, the Sunyani Residency Park, and the Sunyani Senior High School Woodlot. The different levels of biodiversity (trees, arthropods) and ecosystem services were observed for the five green spaces assessed, with a significant relationship observed between arthropod communities and vegetation variables. Our results showed that citizen scientists perceived urban green spaces to supply more significant provisioning and regulating services than any other ecosystem services, even though they were highly dissatisfied with how green spaces are managed. The children’s perception of the composition of nature was slightly narrow, as they largely centered on plants and animals only. Even so, their awareness of the value of nature was high, as were the threats of human activities to nature. Citizen science approaches could complement biodiversity studies in data-deficient regions; however, collected data may require additional verification and validation from experts for conclusive and better inferences

Bempah, G., Wiafe E. D., Nartey M. A., Messenger K., Lu C. (2022).
Responses of Hippopotamus amphibius to environmental changes at Bui National Park, Ghana. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2022, ISSN 1872-2032.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2022.02.003.

Abstract
Many researchers have adopted the use of indicator species to detect changes in the environment and predict future ecological modifications. Irrespective of the popularity of indicator species concept among scientists in recent times, there is less studies on the use of mega semi-aquatic mammals as indicator species, especially in Africa. This study determined the ecological role of Hippopotamus amphibius and how the mammal respond to environmental changes in an aquatic ecosystem, focusing on changes in biological diversity (fish and phytoplankton) and environmental factors (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, total dissolved solids, hydrogen isotope, and oxygen isotope) by comparing pools harboring H. amphibius and pools without H. amphibius at the Bui National Park, Ghana. The results show that H. amphibius play an important ecological role by indicating high productivity in aquatic ecosystem and serving as influencers of the aquatic food web at Bui National Park. The results found significantly higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen in H. amphibius pools than pools without H. amphibius. Significantly higher diversity of fish and phytoplankton species were recorded in pools with H. amphibius. Common fish species identified during this study include, Oreohromis niloticus, Labeo coubie, Alestes dentex and Labeo senegalensis. Phytoplankton communities were dominated by Chlorophyceae (37.26%), Cyanophyceae (25.21%), and Bacillariophyceae (21.53%). The study results also showed that H. amphibius are sensitive to changes in depth of water, preferring areas with shallow pools. Managerial options for H. amphibius populations require strong support because of their socio-ecological benefits including potential ecosystem effects, increasing fishing and tourism value at the Bui National Park.

Damptey, G.F, Frimpong, B.F., Debrah D.K., Agro P.P., Wiafe, E.D. (2022).
Vegetation attributes drive the taxonomic richness and functional composition of beetles and spiders in mountainous urban green spaces. Energ. Ecol. Environ. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-021- 00236-z.

Abstract
Urban green spaces (UGS) enhance the quality of life in urban environments and serve as habitat corridors or refuge for organisms, including beetles and spiders. The attributes of UGS allow them to harbour species that offer essential ecosystem services. However, the ability of UGS to provide services is limited by the extent to which they have been altered anthropogenically. We described the taxonomic richness and functional composition of arthropods in a mountainous urban ecosystem of Ghana by focussing on the activity of both beetles and spiders at the family level. Two main land-use types (woodlands and built-up areas) were identified and characterised based on the presence or absence of certain vegetation attributes. Sixteen plots in each land-use type with sizes 20 × 20 m were demarcated and fitted with four pitfall traps in each plot to sample continuously for eight weeks, the activity density of both beetles and spiders. Samples were sorted into families and functional groups (detritivores, fungivores, herbivores and predators). The taxonomic richness and activity density were both significantly higher in the woodlands than in the built-up areas. Similarly, all functional groups showed a higher affinity to the woodlands than the built-up areas. Habitat attributes defined by plant diversity and structural complexity were the underlying drivers explaining the differences in arthropod communities between the land-use types. Though the built-up areas seem degraded and open, the remaining small vegetation patches still support the activities of some taxa that should merit the protection of such remnant vegetation in urban ecosystems.

Boakye, M. K., Agyemang, A. O., Turkson, B. K., Wiafe, E. D., Baidoo, M. F., & Bayor, M. T. (2022).
Ethno-botanical inventory and therapeutic applications of plants traded in the Ho Central Market, Ghana. Ethno-botany Research and Applications, 23, 1–20. https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/era/article/view/3333

Abstract
Background: For therapeutic purposes, local markets serve as the main trading center of medicinal plants for both traditional medicine practitioners and the general public. However, there is still limited information about the plant species and their derivatives traded outside larger markets in major cities. This study aimed to take inventory of the plant species traded for medicinal purposes in a traditional market outside a major city and determine their applications through vendors’ familiarization. Methods: An inventory of plant species traded for medicinal purposes in the Ho Central Market was undertaken, coupled with a semi-structured interviews on their applications based on the vendor’s familiarization. Quantitative ethnobotanical indices were used to determine the most culturally important species. Results: A total of 60 plant species from 37 families was documented to be traded in the Ho Central Market. The Adansonia digitata, Thaumatococcus daniellii and Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides were recorded to have the highest frequency of citations. The highest use report (UR) and cultural importance (CI) values were recorded for Z. zanthoxyloides. Body pains, blood tonic (anemia), and abdominal pains were the most prominent conditions that traded plants were used to treat. Conclusion: The study revealed a total of 60 medicinal plants which is commonly sold in the Ho Central Market and other major markets in the country, which was attributed to idiosyncrasy in cultural knowledge about the application of the plants. The market served as a venue for information exchange and learning, resulting in the high uniformity of vendors’ familiarization with plant application and that of traditional medicine practitioners.

Ashley M. Geczik, Roni T. Falk, Xia Xu, Daniel Ansong, Joel Yarney, Beatrice Wiafe-Addai,  Kofi Nyarko, et al. (2022)

Measured body size and serum estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women: the Ghana Breast Health Study. Breast Cancer Research (2022) 24:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-022-01500-8

Abstract

Several anthropometric measures have been associated with hormone-related cancers, and it has been shown that estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women plays an important role in these relationships. However, little is known about circulating estrogen levels in African women, and the relevance to breast cancer or breast cancer risk factors. To shed further light on the relationship of anthropometric factors and estrogen levels in African women, we examined whether measured body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), height, and self-reported body size were associated with serum estrogens/estrogen metabolites in a cross-sectional analysis among postmenopausal population-based controls of the Ghana Breast Health Study.

Methods: Fifteen estrogens/estrogen metabolites were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in serum samples collected from postmenopausal female controls enrolled in the Ghana Breast Health Study, a population-based case–control study conducted in Accra and Kumasi. Geometric means (GMs) of estrogens/estrogen metabolites were estimated using linear regression, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results: Measured BMI (≥ 30 vs. 18.5–24.9 kg/m²) was positively associated with parent estrogens (multivariable adjusted GM for unconjugated estrone: 78.90 (66.57–93.53) vs. 50.89 (43.47–59.59), p-value < 0.0001; and unconjugated estradiol: 27.83 (21.47–36.07) vs. 13.26 (10.37–16.95), p-value < 0.0001). Independent of unconjugated estradiol, measured BMI was associated with lower levels of 2-pathway metabolites and higher levels of 16-ketoestradriol. Similar patterns of association were found with WHR; however, the associations were not entirely independent of BMI. Height was not associated with postmenopausal estrogens/estrogen metabolite levels in African women. Conclusions: We observed strong associations between measured BMI and parent estrogens and estrogen metabolite patterns that largely mirrored relations that have previously been associated with higher breast cancer risk in postmenopausal White women. The consistency of the BMI-estrogen metabolism associations in our study with those previously noted among White women suggests that estrogens likely explain part of the BMI-postmenopausal breast cancer risk in both groups. These findings merit evaluation in Black women, including prospective studies.

Thomas U Ahearn,  Parichoy Pal Choudhury, Andriy Derkach, Joel Yarney, Kofi Nyarko et al (2022)

Breast Cancer Risk in Women from Ghana Carrying Rare Germline Pathogenic Mutations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2022 Aug 2;31(8):1593-1601. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-1397

Abstract

Risk estimates for women carrying germline mutations in breast cancer susceptibility genes are mainly based on studies of European ancestry women. Methods: We investigated associations between pathogenic variants (PV) in 34 genes with breast cancer risk in 871 cases [307 estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, 321 ER-negative, and 243 ER-unknown] and 1,563 controls in the Ghana Breast Health Study (GBHS), and estimated lifetime risk for carriers. We compared results with those for European, Asian, and African American ancestry women. Results: The frequency of PV in GBHS for nine breast cancer genes was 8.38% in cases and 1.22% in controls. Relative risk estimates for overall breast cancer were: (OR, 13.70; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.03-46.51) for BRCA1, (OR, 7.02; 95% CI, 3.17-15.54) for BRCA2, (OR, 17.25; 95% CI, 2.15-138.13) for PALB2, 5 cases and no controls carried TP53 PVs, and 2.10, (0.72-6.14) for moderate-risk genes combined (ATM, BARD1, CHEK2, RAD51C, RAD52D). These estimates were similar to those previously reported in other populations and were modified by ER status. No other genes evaluated had mutations associated at P < 0.05 with overall risk. The estimated lifetime risks for mutation carriers in BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2 and moderate-risk genes were 18.4%, 9.8%, 22.4%, and 3.1%, respectively, markedly lower than in Western populations with higher baseline risks. Conclusions: We confirmed associations between PV and breast cancer risk in Ghanaian women and provide absolute risk estimates that could inform counseling in Ghana and other West African countries. Impact: These findings have direct relevance for breast cancer genetic counseling for women in West Africa.

Ashley M. Geczik, Roni T. Falk, Xia Xu, Beatrice Wiafe-Addai, Kofi Nyarko, et al (2022)

Relation of circulating estrogens with hair relaxer and skin lightener use among postmenopausal women in Ghana. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00407-4

Abstract

Hair relaxers and skin lighteners have been commonly used by African women, with suggestions that they may have hormonal activity.

Objectives: To investigate the relationship of hair relaxer and skin lightener use to serum estrogen/estrogen metabolite levels.

Methods: We utilized the postmenopausal population-based controls of the Ghana Breast Health Study to estimate adjusted geometric means (GM) and 95% confidence intervals of individual circulating estrogen levels by hair relaxer/skin lightener exposure categories. Results: Of the 585 postmenopausal women included in our analysis, 80.2% reported hair relaxer use and 29.4% skin lightener use. Ever hair relaxer use was positively associated with estriol (adjusted GM 95.4 pmol/L vs. never 74.5, p value = 0.02) and 16-epiestriol (20.4 vs. 16.8, p value = 0.05) particularly among users of lye-based hair relaxers. Positive associations between scalp burns and unconjugated estrogens were observed (e.g., unconjugated estrone: 5+ scalp burns 76.9 [59.6–99.2] vs. no burns 64.0 [53.7–76.3], p-trend = 0.03). No association was observed between use of skin lighteners and circulating estrogens. Significance: This study presents evidence that circulating 16-pathway estrogens (i.e., estriol and 16-epiestriol) may be increased in users of lye-based hair relaxer products. Among hair relaxer users, unconjugated estrogen levels were elevated in women with a greater number of scalp burns. Impact statement: In this population-based study of hair relaxer and skin lightener use among postmenopausal women in Ghana, altered estrogen metabolism was observed with hair relaxer use, particularly among women using lye-based products or with a greater number of scalp burns. In contrast, skin lightener use was not associated with differences in estrogen metabolism in this population. Continued investigation of the potential biological impact on breast cancer risk of hair relaxer use is warranted.

David Kabba Kargbo, Kofi Nyarko, Samuel Sackey,  Adolphina Addo-Lartey, Ernest Kenu, Francis Anto (2021)

Determinants of low birth weight deliveries at five referral hospitals in Western Area Urban district, Sierra Leone. Ital J Pediatr. 2021 Oct 28;47(1):212. doi: 10.1186/s13052-021-01160-y

Abstract

Low birth weight (LBW) contributes significantly to infant and child mortality. Each year, about 20 1million deliveries are LBW with 96.5% occurring in developing countries. Whiles the incidence of LBW is reducing in other districts of Sierra Leone, it has been reported to be increasing in the Western Area Urban district. Determining the risk factors in a specific geographic area is important for identifying mothers at risk and thereby for planning and taking appropriate action. The current study sought to identify factors associated with LBW deliveries in the Western Area Urban district of Sierra Leone. Methods: A hospital-based unmatched 1:2 case-control study was conducted among mothers who delivered live singleton babies from November, 2019 to February, 2020 in five referral health facilities. Mothers were conveniently sampled and sequentially enrolled into the study after delivery. Their antenatal care cards were reviewed and a pre-tested questionnaire administered to the mothers. Data analysis was done using Stata 15.0 and association between maternal socio-demographic, socio-economic, obstetric and lifestyle factors and LBW assessed using bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: A total of 438 mothers (146 cases and 292 controls), mean age: 24.2 (±5.8) and 26.1 (±5.5) years for cases and controls respectively participated in the study. Multivariable analysis revealed that being unemployed (AoR = 2.52, 95% CI 1.16–5.49, p = 0.020), having anaemia during pregnancy (AoR = 3.88, 95% CI 1.90–7.90, p <  0.001), having less than 2 years inter-pregnancy interval (AoR = 2.53, 95% CI 1.11–5.73, p = 0.026), and smoking cigarettes during pregnancy (AoR = 4.36, 95% CI 1.94–9.80, p <  0.001) were significantly associated with having LBW babies. Conclusion: Factors associated with LBW identified were unemployment, anaemia during pregnancy, < 2 years inter-pregnancy interval and cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Health care providers should screen and sensitize mothers on the risk factors of LBW during antenatal sessions.

Appiah, M. K., Odei, S. A., Kumi-Amoah, G., & Yeboah, S. A. (2022).

Chain practices on environmental performance: the mediating role of ecocentricity. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, (ahead-of-print). Modeling the impact of green supply

Abstract

Purpose – This study aims to examine the relationship between green supply chain management (Green SCM) practices and environmental performance, and develop an integrated model to explain the mediating role of ecocentricity on the relationship between Green SCM practices and environmental performance in the context of the Ghanaian downstream petroleum industry. Design/methodology/approach – To address the objectives of the study, a survey had been conducted among companies in the Ghanaian downstream value chain. The paper used the structural equation modeling approach and smart partial least squares (Smart-PLS) analytical tool. Findings – The study revealed that Green SCM practices had a significant and positive relationship with supply chain ecocentricity and environmental performance. The study further revealed that supply chain ecocentricity significantly mediated the relationship between Green SCM practices and environmental performance. Practical implications – The study has developed a new integrated model to enhance oil and gas marketing and distribution company’s adaptation and implementation of Green SCM practices. Originality/value – The study had successfully applied the natural resource-based view and the stakeholder theory in the context of Ghana’s downstream petroleum industry. Specifically, these theories had been integrated to form a new model to explain the relationship between Green SCM practices, supply chain ecocentricity and environmental performance in the context of Ghana’s downstream petroleum industry. The newly developed integrated model has wider predictability as compared to the individual theories.

Owusu-Twum, M. Y., Kumi-Amoah, G., Heve, W. K., Lente, I., Owusu, S. A., Larbi, L., & Amfo-Otu, R. (2022)

Electronic waste control and management in Ghana: A critical assessment of the law, perceptions and practices. Waste Management & Research, 0734242X221103939.

Abstract

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of Ghana’s hazardous and e-waste control and management Act 917 of 2016 on current e-waste management practices and the level of awareness among key stakeholders (general public, repairers, wholesalers/retailers, recyclers and importers of electronic items) in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and examined in this study. Results showed a low level (12%) of awareness among stakeholders on the e-waste legislation. Almost 13% of respondents had been educated on e-waste management. Community engagement and the mass media were the main sources of information on e-waste. Significant associations between background information of respondents and awareness level on ‘Ghana’s Act 917’ were observed. Relative to general e-waste issues, only education and stakeholder showed significant associations with e-waste legislation and management. The main e-waste disposal methods adopted by respondents were disposal at dumpsites (22.7%), repair and reuse (21.1%) and reselling (20.1%). Almost 10% of respondents made changes to their e-waste disposal practices over the past 5 years. These changes were mainly due to the economic benefits derived from reselling e-waste (37.6%) and the perceived adverse impacts of e-waste on the environment (23.9%). Overall, there is the need to intensify awareness on ‘Ghana’s Act 917’, especially issues regarding sustainable e-waste management practices.

Aboagye, R. G., Kugbey, N., Ahinkorah, B. O., Seidu, A. A., Cadri, A., Bosoka, S. A., … & Takase, M. (2022)

Nutritional status of school children in the South Tongu District, Ghana. PloS one, 17(8), e0269718.

Abstract

Malnutrition is a major public health problem because of the devastating consequences it has on children, their families, and society at large. Our study, therefore, sought to determine the prevalence of undernutrition and overweight/obesity and its associated factors among children aged 6–12 in the South Tongu District, Ghana. Methods A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 423 school children aged 6–12 years in the South Tongu District of Ghana. A multistage sampling method was employed to recruit the school children for the study. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondents. We used a dual-purpose (height and weight) measuring scale to obtain the anthropometric data. The World Health Organization’s AnthroPlus software was used to generate the z-scores for determining the nutritional status. Percentages were used to present the results of the prevalence of undernutrition and overweight/obesity among school children. Bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression were used to examine the factors associated with undernutrition and overweight/obesity among school children. The results were presented as crude odds ratios (CORs) and adjusted odds ratios (AORs), with their 95% confidence interval (CI). Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Stata 16.0 was used to perform the analyses.

Results The overall prevalence of undernutrition and overweight/obesity were 21.5% (CI = 17.7, 25.7) and 24.8% (CI = 20.8, 29.2), respectively. Specifically, the prevalence of stunting, thinness, underweight, overweight, and obesity were 10.4%, 12.1%, 3.8%, 11.1%, and 13.7%, respectively. School children whose household used water from non-portable sources were more likely to be undernourished [AOR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.13, 3.63]. The odds of overweight/obesity was higher among school children whose mothers had attained formal education [AOR = 2.10, 95% CI = 1.09, 4.06], those who consumed beverages between meals per day [AOR = 1.87, CI = 1.08, 3.24], and those who had adequate dietary diversity score [AOR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.02, 2.67]. School children aged 10–12 were less likely to be overweight/obese [AOR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35, 0.94] compared to those aged 6–9.

Conclusion The study showed a relatively high prevalence of undernutrition and overweight/obesity among school children in the South Tongu District. The identified risk factor(s) for undernutrition was the usage of water from non-potable sources whilst those of overweight/obesity were age (10–12 years), maternal formal education, beverage consumption between meals per day, and adequate dietary diversity. The findings reaffirm that malnutrition is still prevalent among school children. Hence, there is a need for the Ministry of Health, Ghana Education Service, and other Non-Governmental Organizations to pay critical attention to these factors to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 2, target 2.2. Nutritional behavioural change education should be carried out among parents and school children. School health service activities should be intensified with a special focus on nutritional screening.

Tran, K. B., Lang, J. J., Compton, K., Xu, R., Acheson, A. R., Henrikson, H. J., Kugbey, N., … & Banach, M. (2022)

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 400(10352), 563-591.

Abstract

Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk–outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01–4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0–116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3–48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1–45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60–3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8–54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36–1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5–41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6–28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8–25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9–42·8] and 33·3% [25·8–42·0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden.

Burkart, K., Causey, K., Cohen, A. J., Wozniak, S. S., Salvi, D. D., Abbafati, C., Kugbey, N., … & Nangia, V. (2022).

Estimates, trends, and drivers of the global burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM2· 5 air pollution, 1990–2019: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(7), e586-e600.

Abstract

Experimental and epidemiological studies indicate an association between exposure to particulate matter (PM) air pollution and increased risk of type 2 diabetes. In view of the high and increasing prevalence of diabetes, we aimed to quantify the burden of type 2 diabetes attributable to PM_2·5 originating from ambient and household air pollution. Methods: We systematically compiled all relevant cohort and case-control studies assessing the effect of exposure to household and ambient fine particulate matter (PM_2·5) air pollution on type 2 diabetes incidence and mortality. We derived an exposure-response curve from the extracted relative risk estimates using the MR-BRT (meta-regression-Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. The estimated curve was linked to ambient and household PM_2·5 exposures from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019, and estimates of the attributable burden (population attributable fractions and rates per 100 000 population of deaths and disability-adjusted life-years) for 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were calculated. We also assessed the role of changes in exposure, population size, age, and type 2 diabetes incidence in the observed trend in PM_2·5-attributable type 2 diabetes burden. All estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings: In 2019, approximately a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes was attributable to PM_2·5 exposure, with an estimated 3·78 (95% uncertainty interval 2·68-4·83) deaths per 100 000 population and 167 (117-223) disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) per 100 000 population. Approximately 13·4% (9·49-17·5) of deaths and 13·6% (9·73-17·9) of DALYs due to type 2 diabetes were contributed by ambient PM2·5, and 6·50% (4·22-9·53) of deaths and 5·92% (3·81-8·64) of DALYs by household air pollution. High burdens, in terms of numbers as well as rates, were estimated in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and South America. Since 1990, the attributable burden has increased by 50%, driven largely by population growth and ageing. Globally, the impact of reductions in household air pollution was largely offset by increased ambient PM_2·5. Interpretation: Air pollution is a major risk factor for diabetes. We estimated that about a fifth of the global burden of type 2 diabetes is attributable PM_2·5 pollution. Air pollution mitigation therefore might have an essential role in reducing the global disease burden resulting from type 2 diabetes.

Oppong Asante, K., Onyeaka, H. K., Kugbey, N., & Quarshie, E. N. B. (2022)

Self-reported injuries and correlates among school-going adolescents in three countries in Western sub-Saharan Africa. BMC public health, 22(1), 1-11.

Abstract

Unintentional injuries among adolescents constitute a significant public health problem globally. Injured adolescents may face negative outcomes ranging from poor academic performance to short- and long-term physical and psychosocial health struggles, and even death. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and describe the correlates and most frequent causes of injuries among school-going adolescents in three West African countries – Benin, Ghana, and Liberia. Methods We analysed self-reported data provided by 8,912 school-going adolescents who participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey in Ghana (2012), Benin (2016), and Liberia (2017). Students responded to questions on sociodemographic factors, family involvement factors, mental health factors, school environment factors and injury behaviours. Results The overall 12-month prevalence estimate of serious injuries in adolescents was 40.9% (Benin = 27.3%; Ghana = 46.1%; Liberia = 49.2%). The most frequently reported injury type was a broken bone or dislocated joint (33% in Benin), cuts or stab wounds (31.7% in Ghana), and non-specified injuries (35.2% in Liberia). Prevalence of serious injuries was higher among males and increased with age. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, interpersonal aggression outside the family context (bullying victimisation, engaging in physical fights, and having been physically attacked) emerged as key correlates of increased odds of serious injuries. Conclusion The relatively higher prevalence estimates of serious injury reported in this study underscore the need for the included countries to develop interventions aimed at reducing and preventing physical injuries among adolescents.

Kocarnik, J. M., Compton, K., Dean, F. E., Fu, W., Gaw, B. L., Harvey, J. D., … & Kugbey, N. (2022)

Cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life years for 29 cancer groups from 2010 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. JAMA Oncology, 8(3), 420-444.

Abstract

The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019) provided systematic estimates of incidence, morbidity, and mortality to inform local and international efforts toward reducing cancer burden. Objective: To estimate cancer burden and trends globally for 204 countries and territories and by Sociodemographic Index (SDI) quintiles from 2010 to 2019. Evidence Review: The GBD 2019 estimation methods were used to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019 and over the past decade. Estimates are also provided by quintiles of the SDI, a composite measure of educational attainment, income per capita, and total fertility rate for those younger than 25 years. Estimates include 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings: In 2019, there were an estimated 23.6 million (95% UI, 22.2-24.9 million) new cancer cases (17.2 million when excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 10.0 million (95% UI, 9.36-10.6 million) cancer deaths globally, with an estimated 250 million (235-264 million) DALYs due to cancer. Since 2010, these represented a 26.3% (95% UI, 20.3%-32.3%) increase in new cases, a 20.9% (95% UI, 14.2%-27.6%) increase in deaths, and a 16.0% (95% UI, 9.3%-22.8%) increase in DALYs. Among 22 groups of diseases and injuries in the GBD 2019 study, cancer was second only to cardiovascular diseases for the number of deaths, years of life lost, and DALYs globally in 2019. Cancer burden differed across SDI quintiles. The proportion of years lived with disability that contributed to DALYs increased with SDI, ranging from 1.4% (1.1%-1.8%) in the low SDI quintile to 5.7% (4.2%-7.1%) in the high SDI quintile. While the high SDI quintile had the highest number of new cases in 2019, the middle SDI quintile had the highest number of cancer deaths and DALYs. From 2010 to 2019, the largest percentage increase in the numbers of cases and deaths occurred in the low and low-middle SDI quintiles.

Błachnio, A., Cudo, A., Kot, P., Torój, M., Oppong Asante, K., Enea, V., Kugbey N, … & Wright, M. F. (2021)

Cultural and psychological variables predicting academic dishonesty: a cross-sectional study in nine countries. Ethics & Behavior, 32(1), 44-89.

Abstract

Academic dishonesty has serious consequences for human lives, social values, and economy. The main aim of the study was to explore a model of relations between personal and cultural variables and academic dishonesty. The participants in the study were N = 2,586 individuals from nine countries (Pakistan, Israel, Italy, India, the USA, Peru, Romania, Ghana, and Poland). The authors administered the Academic Dishonesty Scale to measure academic dishonesty, the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale to measure distress, the Almost Perfect Scale–Revised to measure perfectionism, the Brief Self-Control Scale to measure self-control, and the Singelis Scale to measure independent self-construal. The results showed that the theoretical model was well fitted to the dataset in six countries: Pakistan, the United States, Romania, Ghana, Israel, and Poland. However, it was not well fitted in Italy, India, and Peru. Our results also showed that perfectionism significantly predicted academic dishonesty, but not in all countries. Self-control significantly predicted cheating, falsification, and plagiarism in the USA. Moreover, we found that distress was related to cheating o0nly in Ghana. Finally, independent self-construal predicted academic dishonesty. Our findings provide a cross-cultural contribution to the debate on academic dishonesty by highlighting its significant predictors and may inform interventions aimed at eliminating it. Our results can be used in preventing and curbing academic dishonesty. Knowledge on cross-cultural differences can be useful in international education for example, as an indicator accepting or relaxing attitude toward academic dishonesty in students from different countries.

Achoki, T., Sartorius, B., Watkins, D., Glenn, S. D., Kengne, A. P., Oni, T., … Kugbey, N., … Naghavi, M. (2022)

Health trends, inequalities and opportunities in South Africa’s provinces, 1990-2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. jech-2021-217480. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2021-217480

Abstract

Over the last 30 years, South Africa has experienced four ‘colliding epidemics’ of HIV and tuberculosis, chronic illness and mental health, injury and violence, and maternal, neonatal, and child mortality, which have had substantial effects on health and well-being. Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD 2019), we evaluated national and provincial health trends and progress towards important Sustainable Development Goal targets from 1990 to 2019. Methods We analysed GBD 2019 estimates of mortality, non-fatal health loss, summary health measures and risk factor burden, comparing trends over 1990–2007 and 2007–2019. Additionally, we decomposed changes in life expectancy by cause of death and assessed healthcare system performance. Results Across the nine provinces, inequalities in mortality and life expectancy increased over 1990–2007, largely due to differences in HIV/AIDS, then decreased over 2007–2019. Demographic change and increases in non-communicable diseases nearly doubled the number of years lived with disability between 1990 and 2019. From 1990 to 2019, risk factor burdens generally shifted from communicable and nutritional disease risks to non-communicable disease and injury risks; unsafe sex remained the top risk factor. Despite widespread improvements in healthcare system performance, the greatest gains were generally in economically advantaged provinces. Conclusions Reductions in HIV/AIDS and related conditions have led to improved health since 2007, though most provinces still lag in key areas. To achieve health targets, provincial governments should enhance health investments and exchange of knowledge, resources and best practices alongside populations that have been left behind, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic.

Alvarez, E. M., Force, L. M., Xu, R., Compton, K., Lu, D., Henrikson, H. J., K.,…Kugbey, N. … & Burkart, K. (2022)

The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet Oncology, 23(1), 27-52.

Abstract

In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9–15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6–14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts.

Afrifa-Anane, G.F., Kyei-Arthur, F., Agyekum, M.W, & Afrifa-Anane, E. K (2022)

Factors associated with comorbidity of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections among children under five years in Ghana. PLoS ONE 17(7): e0271685. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271685

Abstract

Globally, childhood mortality is an important public health concern. In Ghana, both diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the top five causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five years old (CU5). Yet, there is a paucity of studies on the comorbidity of diarrhoea and ARIs in CU5 in Ghana. Aim This study sought to examine factors associated with comorbidity of diarrhoea and ARIs among CU5 in Ghana. Methods The Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) 2014 was used for this study. A total of 932 CU5 who had at least one morbidity were included in the study. Binary logistic regression was used to predict the factors associated with comorbidity among CU5. Results The prevalence of comorbidity of diarrhoea and ARI among CU5 was 11%. Factors including unimproved source of water, unimproved main floor material, age of child, and initiation of breastmilk were significantly associated with comorbidity of diarrhea and ARI. Improved source of water (AOR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.22–0.78; p = 0.01) reduces the likelihood of having comorbidity than unimproved source of water. Children aged 36–47 months were less likely (AOR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.14–0.93; p = 0.04) to have comorbidity than those aged 48–59 months. Also, improved floor materials (AOR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.22–0.95; p = 0.03) reduces the likelihood of having comorbidity than unimproved floor materials. Children breastfed within the first day of birth were more likely (AOR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.01–0.2.72; p = 0.04) to have comorbidity than those breastfed immediately after birth. Conclusion Policymakers and health practitioners should consider risk factors such as age of child, initiation of breastfeeding, unimproved floor material, and unimproved water supply in the design of interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with comorbidity of diarrhoea and ARI among CU5.

Afrifa-Anane, G.F., Badasu, D.M., Codjoe, S.N.A., & Anarfi, J.K. (2022)

Barriers and facilitators of weight management: Perspectives of the urban poor in Accra, Ghana. PLoS ONE 17(8): e0272274. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272274

Abstract

Obesity is rising in sub-Saharan Africa and globally, and is a highly significant public health problem that needs urgent attention. To reduce the obesity prevalence levels and associated challenges, public health interventions highlight healthy eating and increased physical activity, which are key elements for weight management. Aim This study explored perceived factors that hinder or facilitate weight management in an urban poor context in Accra, Ghana. Methods A cross-sectional qualitative data was obtained from eight focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted among community members. The FGDs were audio recorded, transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis. Results The findings indicate that weight management is mainly inhibited by the perception that healthy foods are expensive and not satisfying, laziness, lack of time to engage in physical activity, and social representation of being fat or slim. On the contrary, personal decision to manage weight and social support facilitated engagement in weight management. Conclusion The findings indicate that weight management is influenced by individual, community, and structural factors. These findings have programmatic implications in terms of health education strategies and messaging.

Afrifa-Anane, G.F., Larbi, R.T, Addo, B., Agyekum, M.W., Kyei-Arthur, F., Appiah, M., et al. (2022)

Facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake among women in two regions of Ghana: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE 17(8): e0272876. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal

Abstract

Although COVID-19 vaccines are available, evidence suggests that several factors hinder or facilitate their use. Several studies have found gender differences in COVID-19 vaccine uptake, with women less likely to vaccinate than men in many countries, including Ghana. These studies, however, have primarily been quantitative. This study used a qualitative approach to examine the facilitators and barriers to vaccine uptake among women in Ghana. Using a cross-sectional descriptive qualitative research design, 30 women in the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions of Ghana were conveniently sampled and interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Fifteen (15) interviews were conducted in each region. The data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using QSR NVivo version 10 software. Among the key factors that facilitate COVID-19 vaccination are the desire to protect oneself and family against COVID-19, education about COVID-19 vaccines, seeing others receive the COVID-19 vaccine, and vaccine being cost-free. On the other hand, long queues at the vaccination centres, fear of side effects, misconceptions about the vaccines, and shortage of vaccines were the main barriers against COVID-19 vaccination. The study results show that individual, institutional, and vaccine-related factors facilitate or hinder COVID-19 vaccination among women. Addressing these factors need continuous comprehensive health education, and ensuring vaccine availability at vaccination sites will improve women’s uptake of the COVID-19 vaccines.

Kyei-Arthur, F, Kyei-Gyamfi , S, Agyekum, M.W., Afrifa-Anane, G.F., & Amoh, B.A.(2022)

Parents’ and guardians’ acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination for children in Ghana: An online survey. PLoS ONE 17(8): e0272801. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272801

Abstract

Few studies have examined the intentions of parents and guardians to vaccinate their children younger than 18 years against COVID-19 in Ghana. Parents are the decision makers for children younger than 18 years; therefore, we examined parents’ and guardians’ intentions to accept the COVID-19 vaccines for their children. An online survey was conducted among 415 parents and guardians in Ghana. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25 was used to analyse the data. We found that 73.3% of parents/guardians would allow their children to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The binary logistic regression analysis shows that parents/guardians with Senior High School education, those who believed COVID-19 could not be cured, and those who agreed and those who neither agreed nor disagreed with the statement “once the vaccine is available and approved, it would be safe” were less likely to accept COVID-19 vaccine for their children. Also, parents/guardians who neither agreed nor disagreed that “the best way to avoid the complications of COVID-19 is by being vaccinated”, those who agreed that “I am of the notion that physiological/natural community is better compared to vaccine-induced immunity” and “I believe the vaccine programming may be likened to the new world order” were less likely to accept COVID-19 vaccine for their children. There is a need for public health practitioners to intensify education on the benefits and side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as provide regular and up-to-date information about vaccines’ safety to parents and guardians.

Kyei-Arthur, F., & Atobrah, D. (2022)

Exploring the Motivations of Family Caregivers Caring for Older Persons in Urban Poor Accra, Ghana. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2022.2032525

ABSTRACT

There is a general paucity of studies on family caregivers’ motivations for providing care to older persons in the urban poor context in Ghana. This study seeks to explore family caregivers’ motivations for providing care to older persons in urban poor Accra, Ghana. A qualitative descriptive design was used and in-depth interviews were conducted with thirty-one family caregivers. The QSR NVivo 10 software was used to analyze the data thematically. We found that autonomous motivation inspired family caregivers to provide care. Empathy and affection intrinsically motivated some caregivers to provide care to their care recipients, while others were extrinsically motivated by filial responsibility, reciprocity, and obligation to provide care. These findings showed that family caregivers were autonomously motivated to provide care to older persons. We recommend the need for future studies to explore changes in family caregivers’ motivations to provide care over time.

Kyei-Arthur, F., Codjoe, S. N. A., & Badasu, D. M. (2022)

Exploring positive experiences of primary and secondary caregivers of older persons in resource-limited urban settings in Accra, Ghana. PLOS ONE, 17(4): e0266269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266269

Abstract

Family caregivers experience both negative and positive outcomes. However, most studies have mainly focused on the negative outcomes. In addition, few studies have focused on both primary and secondary caregivers. This study explored the positive experiences of primary and secondary caregivers of older persons in resource-limited urban settings in Accra, Ghana. This study used phenomenological design, and thirty-one family caregivers were interviewed in James Town and Ussher Town. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically using NVivo 10. The findings show that the primary and secondary caregivers derived tangible and intangible rewards from providing care to older persons. The tangible rewards included gifts, while the intangible include blessings, skills acquisition, enhanced personal attributes, family cohesion, and health consciousness. Positive caregiving experiences can mitigate caregivers’ burden and burnout. Therefore, policymakers and social workers should design interventions that will enhance the positive experiences of family caregivers. They should also consider the gender and age of caregivers in designing these interventions.

Afrifa-Anane, G.F., Kyei-Arthur, F., Agyekum, M.W, & Afrifa-Anane, E. K (2022)

Factors associated with comorbidity of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections among children under five years in Ghana. PLoS ONE 17(7): e0271685. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271685

Abstract

Introduction

Globally, childhood mortality is an important public health concern. In Ghana, both diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are among the top five causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five years old (CU5). Yet, there is a paucity of studies on the comorbidity of diarrhoea and ARIs in CU5 in Ghana. Aim This study sought to examine factors associated with comorbidity of diarrhoea and ARIs among CU5 in Ghana. Methods The Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) 2014 was used for this study. A total of 932 CU5 who had at least one morbidity were included in the study. Binary logistic regression was used to predict the factors associated with comorbidity among CU5. Results The prevalence of comorbidity of diarrhoea and ARI among CU5 was 11%. Factors including unimproved source of water, unimproved main floor material, age of child, and initiation of breastmilk were significantly associated with comorbidity of diarrhea and ARI. Improved source of water (AOR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.22–0.78; p = 0.01) reduces the likelihood of having comorbidity than unimproved source of water. Children aged 36–47 months were less likely (AOR = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.14–0.93; p = 0.04) to have comorbidity than those aged 48–59 months. Also, improved floor materials (AOR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.22–0.95; p = 0.03) reduces the likelihood of having comorbidity than unimproved floor materials. Children breastfed within the first day of birth were more likely (AOR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.01–0.2.72; p = 0.04) to have comorbidity than those breastfed immediately after birth. Conclusion Policymakers and health practitioners should consider risk factors such as age of child, initiation of breastfeeding, unimproved floor material, and unimproved water supply in the design of interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with comorbidity of diarrhoea and ARI among CU5.

Kyei-Arthur, F, Kyei-Gyamfi , S, Agyekum, M.W., Afrifa-Anane, G.F., & Amoh, B.A.(2022)

Parents’ and guardians’ acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination for children in Ghana: An online survey. PLoS ONE 17(8): e0272801. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272801

Abstract

Few studies have examined the intentions of parents and guardians to vaccinate their children younger than 18 years against COVID-19 in Ghana. Parents are the decision makers for children younger than 18 years; therefore, we examined parents’ and guardians’ intentions to accept the COVID-19 vaccines for their children. An online survey was conducted among 415 parents and guardians in Ghana. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 25 was used to analyse the data. We found that 73.3% of parents/guardians would allow their children to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The binary logistic regression analysis shows that parents/guardians with Senior High School education, those who believed COVID-19 could not be cured, and those who agreed and those who neither agreed nor disagreed with the statement “once the vaccine is available and approved, it would be safe” were less likely to accept COVID-19 vaccine for their children. Also, parents/guardians who neither agreed nor disagreed that “the best way to avoid the complications of COVID-19 is by being vaccinated”, those who agreed that “I am of the notion that physiological/natural community is better compared to vaccine-induced immunity” and “I believe the vaccine programming may be likened to the new world order” were less likely to accept COVID-19 vaccine for their children. There is a need for public health practitioners to intensify education on the benefits and side effects of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as provide regular and up-to-date information about vaccines’ safety to parents and guardians.

Afrifa-Anane, G.F., Larbi, R.T, Addo, B., Agyekum, M.W., Kyei-Arthur, F., Appiah, M., et al. (2022)

Facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake among women in two regions of Ghana: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE 17(8): e0272876. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal

Abstract

Although COVID-19 vaccines are available, evidence suggests that several factors hinder or facilitate their use. Several studies have found gender differences in COVID-19 vaccine uptake, with women less likely to vaccinate than men in many countries, including Ghana. These studies, however, have primarily been quantitative. This study used a qualitative approach to examine the facilitators and barriers to vaccine uptake among women in Ghana. Using a cross-sectional descriptive qualitative research design, 30 women in the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions of Ghana were conveniently sampled and interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Fifteen (15) interviews were conducted in each region. The data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using QSR NVivo version 10 software. Among the key factors that facilitate COVID-19 vaccination are the desire to protect oneself and family against COVID-19, education about COVID-19 vaccines, seeing others receive the COVID-19 vaccine, and vaccine being cost-free. On the other hand, long queues at the vaccination centres, fear of side effects, misconceptions about the vaccines, and shortage of vaccines were the main barriers against COVID-19 vaccination. The study results show that individual, institutional, and vaccine-related factors facilitate or hinder COVID-19 vaccination among women. Addressing these factors need continuous comprehensive health education, and ensuring vaccine availability at vaccination sites will improve women’s uptake of the COVID-19 vaccines.

Kyei-Arthur, F., & Aidoo, D. A. (2022)

Online Learning Resources, Challenges, and Coping Strategies of Low-Fee Private Schools in Ghana During COVID-19 Pandemic. European Journal of Interactive Multimedia and Education, 3(2), e02214. https://doi.org/10.30935/ejimed/12518

Abstract

In Ghana, the education sector has been one of the most affected sectors since the emergence of COVID-19. The plights of low-fee private schools (LFPSs) in the country could be exacerbated by the closure of schools due to COVID-19. This study investigated the online learning resources, challenges, and coping strategies of LFPSs during the closure of schools in Ghana due to COVID-19 pandemic. Google Form was used to gather data from 67 heads of LFPSs in Ghana between April and June 2020. We found that about one-fifth of LFPSs used online learning before the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most LFPSs acquired an online learning resource due to COVID-19. However, heads of LFPSs had mixed perceptions of online learning. Also, the closure of schools affected school finances; teaching, learning and assessment of students; and the ability to pay teachers’ salaries. To cope with their challenges, heads of LFPSs used strategies such as staff lay off; online learning and giving assignments; and the distribution of food items and personal protective equipment. The study recommends the following: there is a need for in-service training for teachers on online learning, improvement in the information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure across the country, and subsidization of ICT resources. Also, the Government of Ghana should provide tax relief to telecommunication companies that improve their infrastructure and expand their coverage across the country to enhance internet accessibility and connectivity.

Travel and the Pan African Imagination, Black Diasporic Worlds: Origins and Evolutions from New World Slaving Series (Lanham, Maryland; Boulder, Colorado; New York, New York; and London, United Kingdom: Lexington Books, An imprint of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc., September 2, 2021).

Time with Professor Yidana: Surviving Africa in the 21st Century, Echoes & Lessons from the 20th Century,” Conversation with Professor Richard Yidana, author of Surviving Africa in the Twenty-First Century (forthcoming), Africa Global Radio (online radio station; recorded August 21, 2021, Accra, Ghana)

Book Launch, The New Apartheid by Sizwe Mpofu-Walsh, Institute of African Studies Seminar Series, in conjunction with the Reading Decolonisation in Africa Today group, University of Ghana, Legon, Webinar

Certificate of Program Completion, African Civic Engagement Academy, University of Georgia, supported by the United States Department of State (online)

2022 Travel and the Pan African Imagination, Institute of African Studies Seminar Series, in conjunction with the Reading Decolonisation in Africa Today group, University of Ghana, Legon, Webinar

2022“Repatriation and a Holistic Concept of Africology,” 4th Biennial Conference of the African Studies Association of Africa, University of Cape Town, South Africa, via Zoom

2021 “Moral Existentialist Nationalism in Ayi Kwei Armah’s Work: Theoretical Exploration on the African Condition,” with Richard Yidana (Co-presenter), 24th Annual Conference of the African Studies and Research Forum, via Zoom

2022 “Repatriation and a Holistic Concept of Afrikology,” School of Natural and Environmental Sciences Research Seminar, University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Somanya, Ghana

Okyere Asante, MK, van Schoor, D, & Ackah, K (eds) 2022 (forthcoming) Decolonising Classics in Africa: history, strategies, and prospects, special issue of the Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, vol. 65, no. 1.

Okyere Asante, MK, 2022 (forthcoming) “Classics and the politics of Africanisation in Ghana”, in Decolonising Classics in Africa: history, strategies, and prospects, special issue of the Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, edited by MK Okyere Asante, D. van Schoor, and K. Ackah, vol. 65, no. 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bics/qbac004

Abstract

During the early years following Ghana’s political independence from British rule, calls were made for university education to have ‘an African character’. As a field steeped in Eurocentric narratives, how did the Classics survive, and how did classicists respond to the politics of Africanization? This paper draws on the political contexts under which secondary and tertiary education in Ghana underwent reforms to discuss the threats and challenges these reforms posed to the sustenance of the field of Classics, and the decolonization strategies classicists adopted during the calls for Africanization in university education. The paper suggests that the idea of ‘world civilization’ which does not consider one civilization as superior over another cemented decolonization efforts in the early post-independent era, and helped classicists meet the conditions of ‘relevance’ in the African context through comparative studies. Current attempts at decolonizing Classics in Africa would benefit from these strategies if applied to both research and curriculum development.

Van Schoor, D, Ackah, K, Okyere Asante, MK, 2022 (forthcoming) “Liberation philology: Decolonising Classics in Africa, a native view from the South”, in Decolonising Classics in Africa: history, strategies, and prospects, special issue of the Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, edited by MK Okyere Asante, D. van Schoor, and K. Ackah, vol. 65, no. 1.  DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bics/qbac005

INTRODUCTORY: LIBERTI

The mind of the African is empty, and he has a great idea of what he calls ‘getting knowledge’.

James Stewart, Missionary and Educationalist¹

If you were a manumitted slave, the child of a slave or descendant of enslaved or dispossessed people or, say, you were a member of your society’s lowest castes and you were given the opportunity to study, and perhaps even to take up scholarship as your life’s work, your vocation, what subject would you, should you elect to learn?

William Sanders Scarborough was born in slavery in the deep South of the United States. His father, Jeremiah, was libertus, a freeman. Nonetheless, William De Graffenreid, the owner of Scarborough’s mother Frances, magnanimously allowed Jeremiah to marry her, his property. She gave birth to her son in Macon, Georgia, in 1852. Scarborough would go on to become one of the first Black Hellenists in the United States. Over a productive life he was a schoolteacher, a professor at Wilberforce University in Ohio, an early Black member of the American Philological Association (the first was Richard Greener, his friend and fellow classicist), the first Black member of the Modern Languages Association, the president of Wilberforce, and a founding member of the Negro Academy and of the NAACP. He published a popular primer, First Lessons in Greek (New York, 1881), and a study of Aristophanes, The ‘Birds’ of Aristophanes: A Theory of Interpretation (Boston, 1886).²

Sameem Banu M.S., Jilly Philippa, J.P., and Jancy Helena, S. (2022). Second Wave Covid-19 Pandemic: Opportunities and Challenges in Higher Education. Asian Journal of Interdisciplinary Research. 5(2).

Abstract

COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the education system where all educational institutions from elementary to university level were closed in India and worldwide. However, this pandemic has paved the way for educational institutions to adopt online education. Although university teachers were not ready with a digital platform at the onset of Covid-19, they have embraced digital methods to continue teaching. In this context, this study was conducted to analyze the opportunities and challenges of online education among the higher education teachers who switched to online education during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to analyze the online teaching and learning methods teachers adopt and the challenges they face in higher education while imparting the course online from various disciplines. This study used a survey-based online questionnaire to collect data from 175 higher education teachers. The analysis was carried out using a descriptive statistical method that included simple percentages and means. The study’s findings revealed that online teaching and learning have opportunities such as allowing teachers and students to continue their education online using various platforms even during a lockdown, using online interactive education through audio, video and other potential learning platforms. It also revealed the challenges that include technical, academic and financial challenges that influence and affect online teaching during COVID19 lockdown.

Kugbey, N; Amoah, A; Dotse, S; Amoako-Aseidu, E; Delalorm, C; & Nyarko-Sampson, E. 2021.

Abstract

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has impacted every aspect of human existence in a variety of ways. However, depending on how we interpret the impact of the pandemic, we may either despair or embrace challenges with hope. Several empirical findings and expert opinions have highlighted the significant negative impact of COVID-19 on economy, health and wellbeing, education, ecosystem and governance around the world. Amid all these negative effects on human existence, we claim that there are some silver linings across several domains such as health and wellbeing, education, eco-system and social connectedness, with the main benefit being adherence to public health measures which will be retained beyond the pandemic.

Yakub, M; Ollennu, Y.A.A; & Delalorm, C. 2021

The Pragmatic Functions of Some Morphological Structures in Nzema Proverbs. Journal of Universal language. 22.2,145-180.

Abstract

The paper examines some morphological processes in the syntactic structure of proverbs in Nzema, a Kwa language spoken predominantly in the South-west part of the Western Region of Ghana, West Africa. The paper focuses on the pragmatic imports of such word formation processes in relation to how they contribute significantly to the understanding of the proverbs. The paper shows the prevalence of word formation processes, such as reduplication, inflections, derivations, lexical borrowing, and compounding in the construction of Nzema proverbs, which essentially help to conceptualise and infer the didactic messages that are communicated via the proverbs. Data were primarily gathered through participant and non-participant observations, including discussions and interviews with competent indigenous Nzema speakers. We extracted additional data from published sources, a compilation of Nzema proverbs and from other literary texts. The paper integrates the assumptions of Goddard’s Ethnopragmatic Paradigm and Hockett’s Item-and-Arrangement and Item-and-Process Models as theoretical underpinning.

14th Linguistics Association of Ghana Annual Conference (LAG 2022), Topic: The Concept of Ageism in the Lens of Nzema Proverbs, KNUST, 28^th September, 2022.

SNES Research Seminar Series, Topic: Selectional restrictions of verbs and arguments: a case of agricultural verbs in Sekpele, 14^th April, 2022.

The Personal is Political: Love, Betrayal and Adultery in Ngũgĩ Wa Thiong’o’s A Grain Of Wheat. Brill, Matatu 52 (2), 1–26 brill.com/mata. [In Press]

Gerontocratic Betrayals: “Sugar Daddies” in Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o’s Devil on the Cross. Journal of Literature, Languages and Linguistics. 90, 37-    45. ISSN 2422-8435.

Amgbo B. R., Annin, F. (2022).

Unpacking the Image of the Female Character: The Joys of Motherhood in Perspective. Randwick International of Social Sciences (RISS) Journal 3 (2), 333-342.

Abstract

This paper focuses on Buchi Emecheta’s depiction of the female character in her novel, The Joys of Motherhood. In particular, this paper examines how Emecheta directs attention at restoring the image of the “fallen” woman in the novel where the patriarchs dominate affairs. The novel achieves this aim through the narrative technique employed in the complex role of the woman figure who defiles all odds to achieve her heart desires at the end of the story. The findings reveal that Emecheta presents both positive and negative archetypal images of the African woman in the novel. It is however worthy of note that Emecheta’s negative depiction of the African woman far outweighs the positive ones. To an extent, Emecheta’s portrayal of the figure of a woman is an affront to the way a female writer ought to present the woman with exalting images rather than images of disgust.

Annin, F., Addei, C. (2022).

“The Iconography of Pop Culture in Ghana: Black   Sheriff’s Music in Perspective”. A paper presented at the 14th Linguistics Association of Ghana Annual Conference (LAG 2022), Theme: Linguistics,     Language and Literature: Future Horizons. KNUST, 28th – 30th September, 2022.

Addei, C., Annin, F. (2022).

“I am jumping on her chest Kpwud Kpwud”: Perverted Initiation and Education in Uzodinma Iweala’s “Beasts of           No Nation”. A paper presented at the 14th Linguistics Association of Ghana Annual Conference (LAG 2022), Theme: Linguistics, Language and Literature: Future Horizons. KNUST, 28th – 30th September, 2022.

Annin, F.  (2022).

“Gender in Women’s Writing: Restoring the Woman in Ama Ata Aidoo’s Changes and Peggy Oppong’s The Lemon Suitcase”. A paper       presented at the 2^nd Sustainable and Development Conference, Theme:     Towards the Environment and Sustainable Development Financing in the Wave of COVID-19: The Role of Stakeholders. UESD, 25^th -27^th August 2022.

Annin, F., Addei, C. (2022).

“Love and the Land: Paradoxes of Patriotic Love in Ngugi’s Matigari and The Trial of Dedan Kimathi”. A paper presented at 2022 WAALCLALS CONFERENCE, Theme: Reflections of  Post-coloniality in Education, Literature, Media and Communication Discourse.       UCC, 22nd- 24th March, 2022.

Dr. Rosemary Anderson Akolaa, Dr. Louis Kusi Frimpong, Dr. Michael K. Appiah,1 Dr. Andrews Adugudaa Akolaa, Mr. Valentine Adolsum Anaba, Philip Teg-Nefaah Tabong, The impact of sensitization and capacity building on the utilization of indigenous foods in household nutrition in the upper east region, Ghana.

Abstract:

Background and objective: Malnutrition is one of the greatest pernicious situations that affect the fast-growing population in Africa. Global trends have revealed a persistent increase in malnutrition, with 121 countries being plagued by either one type or class of malnutrition. Statistics also reveal approximately 32% of global disease burdens have a direct relationship with malnutrition. In Ghana, numerous interventions have been implemented to improve the malnutrition situation. Though there have been observed improvements, malnutrition persists. Food insecurity, improper dieting, culture, and ignorance of the importance of indigenous food resources to sustainable nutrition among others primarily account for persistent malnutrition in the study area. Research shows that indigenous foods have the potential to contribute to addressing malnutrition in Africa. However, poor perceptions about indigenous foods limit their Utilization. The absence of sensitization and capacity-building on the Utilization of nutritious indigenous foods may increase the risk of malnutrition among household members. Methods: This study was conducted in three communities in the Upper East Region of Ghana, where undernutrition is on the ascendancy. We explored the impact of sensitization and capacity building of women on the usefulness of indigenous foods in combating malnutrition. The study was executed in two phases. The first phase involved sensitization and capacity building events. The second phase involved an analysis of the narratives of twenty participants, using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to assess the impact. Results: Narratives from participants revealed an enhancement of the health of the household members and attributed this occurrence to the positive persuasions and knowledge they experienced during the sensitization and capacity-building events. Participants indicated they now consume more indigenous foods than before. Participants’ narratives revealed other benefits such as economic gains, positive psychological impact, and behavioral change. Conclusion: The sensitization and training programme organised was impactful, and the gains are also sustainable. The breadth of the impact indicated that the programme touched on various dimensions of the well-being of participants, which is an indication that sensitization and capacity building is one of the ways to encourage indigenous foods consumption, which is a sustainable way of combating malnutrition. Efforts should be made to maintain and improve these gains.

Rosemary Anderson Akolaa, Joseph Anyagbilla Ayembilla , Stephen Leonard Mensah , Louis Kusi Frimpong, Rethinking Hierarchical Gender Realities in the Transfer of Indigenous Knowledge for Sustainable Development: Evidence from the Upper East Region of Ghana.

Abstract

Purpose- This study sought to assess entrenched patriarchal roles in the transfer of indigenous knowledge using evidence from the Upper East Region of Ghana. Methods- The study utilized the phenomenological research design which places emphasis on lived experiences and qualitative interviews. Findings- The findings indicate that while women play a key role in the transfer of indigenous knowledge, men feel threatened by their growing involvement in the conservation and transfer of indigenous sociocultural knowledge systems. This has resulted in men believing they will lose their control as heads of socio-culturally entrenched gender roles. Conclusion/Recommendation- The paper therefore, proposes a rethinking and rigorous multi-sectorial and dimensional approach in mainstreaming gender activities, which is geared towards viewing the involvement of women in indigenous knowledge transfer as partners for local and national development rather than a threat to entrenched patriarchal roles.